Ojibwe are sometimes known as Chippewa. They should not be confused with the Chipewyan people. For other uses of Chippewa, see Chippewa (disambiguation). "One Called From A Distance" (Midwewinind) of the White Earth Band, 1894 The Ojibwa, Aanishanabe or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway, Anishinaabe, or Anishinabek) are the largest group of Native Americans/First Nations north of Mexico, including Métis. They are the third largest in the USA, surpassed only by Cherokee and Navajo. They are about equally divided between the USA and Canada. Because they formerly were located mainly around Sault Ste. Marie, at the outlet of Lake Superior, the French referred to them as Saulteurs; Ojibwa who subsequently moved to the Prairie provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. The Ojibwa, many of whom still speak the Ojibwe language known as Anishinaabemowin or Ojibwemowin, which belongs to the Algonquian linguistic group, are related to the Ottawa and Cree. The major component group of the Anishinaabe, they number over 100,000 living in an area stretching across the north from Michigan to Montana. Another 76,000, in 125 bands, live in Canada, stretching from western Québec to eastern British Columbia. They are known for their canoes and wild rice, and for the fact that they were the only Indians to defeat the Sioux. [1] The name "Chippewa" is an anglicized corruption of "Ojibwa". Although "Chippewa" is more common in the USA and "Ojibwa" predominates in Canada, both terms do exist in both countries. "Anishinabe(k/g)" is becoming more common in Canada. The exact meaning of the name "Ojibwe" is not known; however, two most common explanations are 1) it is derived from "cooks until puckered" referring to their fire-curing of moccasin seams to make them water-proof and 2) it is derived from "records a vision" referring to their form of pictorial writing used in religious rites. Contents 1 History 2 Culture 3 Clan system 4 Bands and First Nations of Ojibwe people 5 Other Tribes known by their Ojibwa/Ottawa Names 6 Ojibwa Treaties 7 References 8 External links History According to their own tradition, they came from the east, advancing along the Great Lakes, and had their first major settlement, referred as their "fourth stopping place", in their present country at Sault Ste. Marie and their second major settlement, referred as their "seventh stopping place", at Shaugawaumikong (or Zhaagawaamikong, French, Chegoimegon) on the southern shore of Lake Superior, near the present La Pointe or Bayfield, Wisconsin. Their first historical mention occurs in the Jesuit Relation of 1640. Through their friendship with the French traders they were able to obtain guns and thus successfully end their hereditary wars with the Sioux and Foxes on their west and south, with the result that the Sioux were driven out from the Upper Mississippi region, and the Foxes forced down from northern Wisconsin and compelled to ally with the Sauk. By the end of the eighteenth century the Chippewa were the nearly unchallenged owners of almost all of present-day Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota, including most of the Red River area, together with the entire northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior on the Canadian side and extending westward to the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota, where they became known as the Plains Ojibwa. The Ojibwa were part of a long term alliance with the Ottawa and Potawatomi First Nations, called the Council of Three Fires and which fought with the Iroquois Confederacy and the Sioux. The Ojibwa expanded eastward taking over the lands alongside the eastern shores of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. The Ojibwa allied themselves with the French in the French and Indian War, and with the British in the War of 1812. In the USA, they were never removed as so many other tribes have been, but by successive treaty sales they are now restricted to reservations within this territory, with the exception of a few families living in Kansas. In Canada, the cession of land by treaty or purchase was governed by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and subsequently most of the land in Upper Canada was ceded to the Crown. See Treaty Timeline - Individual Treaties with maps at [2]. Culture Most Ojibwa, except for the Plains bands, lived a sedentary lifestyle, engaging in fishing, hunting, the farming of maize and squash, and the harvesting of Manoomin (wild rice). Their typical dwelling was the wiigiwaam (wigwam) or the waaginogan, made of birch bark, juniper bark and willow saplings. They also developed a form of pictorial writing used in religious rites of the Midewiwin and recorded on birch bark scrolls. Chippewa family c. 1821 The Ojibwe people and culture are alive and growing today. During the summer months, the people attend pow-wows or "pau waus" at various reservations in the US and reserves in Canada. Many people still follow the traditional ways of harvesting wild rice, picking berries, hunting and making maple sugar. The legend of the Ojibwa "Windigo," in which tribesmen supposedly identify with a mythological cannabalistic monster and prey on their families is mentioned in the fiction of Thomas Pynchon. A native tribe that is never specifically named but is probably the Ojibwe features prominently in the writings of Ernest Hemingway Several bands of Ojibwe cooperate in the Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission which manages their treaty hunting and fishing rights. The commission cooperates with U.S. agencies to run several wilderness areas. See List of U.S. state and tribal wilderness areas. An interesting example of the Ojibwe culture is that there is no word for "Goodbye". Clan system The Ojibwe people were divided into a number of doodem (clans) named for animal totems. This served as a system of government as well as a means of dividing labor. The five main totems were Crane, Catfish, Loon, Bear and Marten. The Crane totem was the most vocal among the Ojibwe, and the Bear was the largest — so large, in fact, that it was sub-divided into body parts such as the head, the ribs and the feet. There were at least twenty-one totems in all, recorded by William Whipple Warren: Crane, Catfish, Loon, Bear, Marten, Wolf, Reindeer, Merman, Pike, Lynx, Eagle, Rattlesnake, Moose, Black Duck, Sucker, Goose, Sturgeon, White Fish, Beaver, Gull, and Hawk. Some totems indicate non-Ojibwe origins, such as the Wolf Clan for Dakota or Eagle Clan for American. There are other totems considered rare today among the Ojibwe because the totems have migrated to other tribes, such as the Merman Clan, which shows up as the Water-spirits Clan of the Winnebagoes. Bands and First Nations of Ojibwe people Bands are listed under their respective tribes where possible Chippewa chief Rocky Boy Batchewana First Nation of Ojibways Bay Mills Chippewa Community Chapleau Ojibway First Nation Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point The Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation Chippewa of the Thames First Nation Chippewa Cree Tribe of Rocky Boys Indian Reservation Curve Lake First Nation Cutler First Nation Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Islands in the Trent Waters Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation Magnetawan First Nation Lake Nipigon Ojibway First Nation Lake Superior Chippewa Tribe Bad River Chippewa Band Keweenaw Bay Indian Community L'Anse Band of Chippewa Indians Lac Vieux Desert Chippewa Band Ontonagon Band of Chippewa Indians Lac Courte Oreilles Chippewa Band Bois Brule River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Lac Courte Oreilles Chippewa Band Removable St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Red Cliff Chippewa Band Sokaogon Chippewa Band St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Bois Forte Band of Chippewa Indians Bois Forte Band of Chippewa Indians Muskrat Portage Band of Chippewa Indians Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Grand Portage Band of Chippewa Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Cass Lake Band of Chippewa Lake Winnibigoshish Band of Chippewa Leech Lake Band of Pillagers Removable Lake Superior Bands of Chippewa of the Chippewa Reservation White Oak Point Band of Mississippi Chippewa Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe Mille Lacs Indians Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa St. Croix Band of Chippewa Indians of Minnesota Kettle River Band of Chippewa Indians Snake and Knife Rivers Band of Chippewa Indians White Earth Band of Chippewa Gull Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa Otter Tail Band of Pillagers Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians Rabbit Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa Removable Mille Lacs Indians Removable Sandy Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa Rice Lake Band of Mississippi Chippewa Ojibways of the Pic River First Nation Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians Lac du Bois Band of Chippewa Indians Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians Sandy Bay Ojibway First Nation Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians Shawanaga First Nation Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians Wabasseemoong Independent Nation Wabauskang First Nation Wabun Tribal Council Beaverhouse First Nation Brunswick House First Nation Chapleau Ojibwe First Nation Matachewan First Nation Mattagami First Nation Wahgoshig First Nation Wabigoon First Nation Wahnapitae First Nation Washagamis Bay First Nation Whitefish Bay First Nation Whitefish Lake First Nation Whitefish River First Nation Whitesand First Nation Wikwemikong Unceded First Nation Windigo First Nations Council Bearskin Lake First Nation Cat Lake First Nation Koocheching First Nation North Caribou Lake First Nation Sachigo Lake First Nation Slate Falls First Nation Whitewater Lake First Nation Wabigoon Lake Ojibway First Nation Whitefish Lake First Nation Other Tribes known by their Ojibwa/Ottawa Names Known Name Ojibwa Name Ojibwa Meaning Own Name Arkansas Aakaanzhish Damn little Kansas Quapaw Assiniboine Asiniibwaan Stoney 'Asp' (i.e. the Sioux) Nakota Blackfoot Makadewanazid Black-foot Siksikawa Chipewyan Jibwayaan Pointed Skin Dënesųłiné Chowanoc Zhaawanoog Southerners Shawnee Eskimo Ashki-amaw Eats It Raw Inuit Flathead Nebagindibe Flat-head Salish Kansas Aakaansh [Lives at the] Little Hell-hole Kaw Kaskaskia Gaaskaaskeyaa Hide-scraper Kickapoo Giiwigaabaw Stands here-and-there Miami Mayaame Sturgeons Miimii Micmac Miigimaa Allied-Brothers Mi'kmaq Moingwena Moowiingwenaa Have a Filthy Face Ottawa Odaawaa Trader Odawa Potawatomi Boodewaadamii Fire Keeper Bodéwadmi Sauk/Sac Ozaagii [Lives at the] Outlet Asakiwaki Sioux Naadawensiw Little like the 'Adders' (i.e. the Iroquois) Aioe-Dakota-Lakota-Nakota Snake Ginebig Snake Shoshoni Winnebago Wiinibiigoo [Lives at the] Murky Waters Ho-čąk Ojibwa Treaties Treaties with France Treaties with Great Britain Treaty of Fort Niagara (1764) Treaty of Fort Niagara (1781) Indian Officers' Land Treaty (1783) The Crawford Purchases (1783) Between the Lakes Purchase (1784) The McKee Purchase (1790) Between the Lakes Purchase (1792) Chenail Ecarte (Sombra Township) Purchase (1796) London Township Purchase (1796) Land for Joseph Brant (1797) Penetanguishene Harbour (1798) St. Joseph Island (1798) Toronto Purchase (1805) Head-of-the-Lake Purchase (1806) Lake Simcoe Land (1815) Lake Simcoe-Nottawasaga Purchase (1818) Ajetance Purchase (1818) Rice Lake Purchase (1818) The Rideau Purchase (1819) Long Woods Purchase (1822) Huron Tract Purchase (1827) Saugeen Tract Agreement (1836) Manitoulin Agreement (1836) The Robinson Treaties Ojibewa Indians Of Lake Superior (1850) Ojibewa Indians Of Lake Huron (1850) Ojibewa Indians Of Lake Huron (1854) Manitoulin Island Treaty (1862) Treaties with the United States Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785) Treaty of Fort Harmar (1789 Treaty of Greenville (1795) Fort Industry (1805) Treaty of Detroit (1807) Treaty of Brownstown (1808) Treaty of Spring Wells (1815) Treaty of 1816 Treaty of Miami Rapids (1817) St. Mary's Treaty (1818) Treaty of Saginaw (1819) Treaty of Saúlt Ste. Marie (1820) Treaty of L'Arbre Croche and Michilimackinac (1820) Treaty of Chicago (1821) Treaty of Prairie du Chien (1825) Treaty of Fond du Lac (1826) Treaty of Butte des Morts (1827) Treaty of Green Bay (1828) Treaty of Prairie du Chien (1829) Treaty of Chicago (1833) Treaty of Washington (1836) - Ottawa & Chippewa Treaty of Washington (1836) - Swan Creek & Black River Bands Treaty of Detroit (1837) Treaty of St. Peters (1837) Treaty of Flint River (1837) Saganaw Treaties Treaty of Saganaw (1838) Supplimental Treaty (1839) Treaty of La Pointe (1842) Treaty of Potawatomi Creek (1846) Treaty of Fond du Lac (1847) Treaty of Leech Lake (1847) Treaty of La Pointe (1854) Treaty of Washington (1855) Treaty of Detroit (1855) - Ottawa & Chippewa Treaty of Detroit (1855) - Sault Ste. Marie Band Treaty of Detroit (1855) - Swan Creek & Black River Bands Treaty of Sac and Fox Agency (1859) Treaty of Washington (1863) Treaty of Old Crossing (1863) Treaty of Old Crossing (1864) Treaty of Washington (1864) Treaty of Isabella Reservation (1864) Treaty of Washington (1866) Treaty of Washington (1867) Treaties with Canada Treaty No. 1 (1871) Treaty No. 2 (1871) Treaty No. 3 (1873) Treaty No. 4 (1874) Treaty No. 5 (1875) Treaty No. 9 - James Bay Treaty (1905-1906) Treaty 5, Adhesions (1908-1910) The Williams Treaties (1923) The Chippewa Indians The Mississauga Indians Treaty 9, Adhesions (1929-1930) References F. Densmore, Chippewa Customs (1929, repr. 1970) H. Hickerson, The Chippewa and Their Neighbors (1970) R. Landes, Ojibwa Sociology (1937, repr. 1969) R. Landes, Ojibwa Woman (1938, repr. 1971) F. Symington, The Canadian Indian (1969) External links Chippewa treaties online and maps of the tribal areas discussed Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission Ojibwe culture and history, a lengthy and detailed discussion Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary, an extensive electronic Ojibwe-English/English-Ojibwe language dictionaryde:Anishinabe Search Term: "Ojibwa" Categories: Ojibwa tribe