Intel

Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC) (founded 1968) is a U.S.-based multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. Intel also makes networking cards, motherboard chipsets, components, and other devices. Intel has advanced research projects in all aspects of semiconductor manufacturing, including MEMS.

Overview

Intel Pentium 4 ProcessorIntel was founded in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore (a chemist and physicist) and Robert Noyce (a physicist and co-inventor of the integrated circuit) when they left Fairchild Semiconductor. It is noteworthy that Intel competitor AMD was also founded by Fairchild defectors, in 1969. Intel's employee number four was Andy Grove (a chemical engineer), who ran the company through much of the 1980s and the high-growth 1990s. It is Grove who is now remembered as the company's key leader. Intel by the end of the 1990s was one of the largest and most successful businesses in the world, though fierce competition within the semiconductor industry has since diminished its position somewhat.

SRAMS and the Microprocessor
The company's first products were random-access memory integrated circuits, and Intel grew to be a leader in the fiercely competitive DRAM, SRAM, and ROM markets throughout the 1970s. Concurrently, Intel engineers Marcian Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stanley Mazor and Masatoshi Shima invented the first microprocessor. Originally developed for the Japanese company Busicom to replace a number of ASIC's in a calculator already produced by Busicom, the Intel 4004 was introduced to the mass market on November 15, 1971, though the microprocessor did not become the core of Intel's business until the mid-1980s. (Note: Intel is usually given credit with Texas Instruments for the almost-simultaneous invention of the microprocessor).

From DRAM to Microprocessors
In 1983, at the dawn of the personal computer era, Intel's profits came under increased pressure from Japanese memory-chip manufacturers, and then-President Andy Grove drove the company into a focus on microprocessors. Grove described this transition in the book Only the Paranoid Survive. A key element of his plan was the notion, then considered radical, of becoming the single-source for successors to the popular 8086 microprocessor.

Until then, manufacture of complex integrated circuits was not reliable enough for customers to depend on a single supplier, but Grove began producing processors in three geographically-distinct factories, and ceased licensing the chip designs to competitors such as Zilog and AMD. When the PC industry exploded in the late 1980s and 1990s, Intel was the primary beneficiary.

The Rise of PC Architecture
During the 1990s, Intel's Intel Architecture Labs (IAL) was responsible for many of the hardware innovations of the personal computer, including the PCI Bus, the PCI Express (PCIe) bus, the Universal Serial Bus (USB), and the now-dominant architecture for multi-processor servers. IAL's software efforts met with a more mixed fate; its video and graphics software was important in the development of software digital video, but later its efforts were largely overshadowed by competition from Microsoft. The competition between Intel and Microsoft was revealed in testimony at the Microsoft anti-trust trial.

Partnership with Apple
On June 6, 2005, Apple Computer CEO Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at WWDC that Apple would be switching from its long-favored PowerPC Architecture to Intel CPUs. Reasons stated for the change were vague, but included thermal issues, as recent G5-class PowerPC chips are well-known for running hot. Also, it was implied that the future PowerPC roadmap was unable to satisfy Apple's needs in terms of computing power. In particular, the large power requirement of the G5 chips was seen as a major stumbling block, preventing the placement of such a chip in one of Apple's laptop computers, the PowerBook and iBook. The switchover to Intel will begin in mid 2006, reportedly appearing first in Apple's low-end machines and portables.

Competition and Anti-trust
Intel's dominance in the x86 microprocessor market led to numerous charges of antitrust violations over the years, including FTC investigations in both the late 1980s and in 1999, and civil actions such as the 1997 suit by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and a patent suit by Intergraph. Intel's market dominance (at one time it controlled over 85% of the market for 32-bit PC microprocessors), combined with Intel's own hardball legal tactics (such as its infamous 338 patent suit versus PC manufacturers) made it an attractive target for litigation, but few of the lawsuits ever amounted to anything.

Currently, the only major competitor to Intel on the x86 processor market is Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), with which Intel has had full cross-licensing agreements since 1976: each partner can use the other's patented technological innovations without charge. Some smaller competitors such as Transmeta produce low-power processors for portable equipment.

In June 2005, AMD sued Intel in two jurisdictions for anti-competitive practices. The Japanese Fair Trade Commission found in favour of AMD; the other case will be heard by a court in Delaware. The case in Japan led to "dawn raids" by the European Commission on some European Intel offices in July 2005.

Intel filed its response[1] in September to AMD's lawsuit and refuted AMD's claims, stating that its business practices are fair and lawful. In its rebuttal, Intel layed out the skeleton of its legal defense which included a deconstruction of AMD's offensive strategy and levied the charge that AMD's long struggling market position is largely a result of bad business decisions and management incompetence including underinvestment in essential manufacturing capacity and over-reliance on outsourcing chip foundries.[2]

Legal experts predict the lawsuit will most likely drag out for a number of years since Intel's response indicates they are not likely to try and settle with AMD.

Leadership
Robert Noyce was Intel's CEO at its founding in 1969, followed by co-founder Gordon Moore in 1975. Andy Grove became the company's President in 1979 to which he added the CEO title in 1987 when Moore became Chairman. In 1997 Grove succeeded Moore as Chairman and Craig Barrett, already company president, took over. Barrett, in turn, will retire in 2005 and hand the reigns of the company over to Paul Otellini, who is also already the company president and was responsible for Intel's design win in the original IBM PC. The changes were made effective May 18, 2005. The board of directors elected Otellini, and Barrett replaced Grove as chairman of the board. Grove stepped down as Chairman, but will be retained as a special advisor.

Origin of the Name
At its founding, Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce wanted to name their new company 'Moore Noyce'. But the name didn't sound good in electronics—noise being associated with bad interference. They then used the name NM Electronics for almost a year, before deciding to call their company INTegrated ELectronics or "Intel" for short. However, Intel was already trademarked by a hotel chain so they had to buy the rights for that name at the beginning.

Financial information
Its market capitalisation is about $154 billion (March 2005).

Stock exchanges
Intel is publicly traded at NASDAQ with the symbol INTC.

Indices
Dow Industrials
S&P 500
Nasdaq 100
SOX (PHLX Semiconductor Sector)
GSTI Software Index

Diversity
Intel received a 100% rating on the first Corporate Equality Index released by the Human Rights Campaign in 2002. They have maintained this rating in 2003 and 2004. In addition, the company was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 by Working Mothers magazine. However, Intel's working practices still face criticism,the company is notorious for paying extremly low wages and workplace bullying is common, www.faceintel.com

Controversy
As well, Intel is accused by Palestinians of collusion with Israel in supporting them in holding on to land confiscated illegally from the Palestinians. Intel's massive manufacturing plant in Israel was built, with the help of heavy subsidies from Israel, on lands that Palestinians claim were confiscated from them. In fact, the city of Kiryat Gat (where the plant is located) lies well within the pre-1967 borders of Israel (a.k.a. the Green Line) and therefore is not considered disputed territory.

Antitrust Claims
In June of 2005 AMD, Intel's chief rival in the x86 microprocessor market, filed an antitrust claim against Intel and its Japanese subsidiary in a Delaware court. Amongst other accusations AMD alleged that Intel was unlawfully maintaining its monopoly through unfair business practices, such as drastically lower pricing for customers on the condition that Intel microprocessors were used exclusively in their systems. Whilst proving that Intel holds a monopoly is simple (the company is reckoned to have an 80-90% share of the processor market) the debate over the 'scare and coercion' tactics supposedly employed by Intel is likely to be more protracted. IT insiders foresee the case to be a landmark ruling in what is a fiercely competitive market.

Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC) (founded 1968) ve 82371ab/eb is a
U. S.-based multinational corporation that is best known for designing host and
manufacturing microprocessors processor and specialized integrated circuits. Intel also makes networking cards, motherboard chipsets, components, what and other devices. Intel has advanced
research projects
in all aspects of semiconductor manufacturing, including MEMS.

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Overview

Intel stock Pentium 4 ProcessorIntel was founded in mac m
1968 intel by Gordon E.
Moore (a chemist and physicist) and Robert Noyce (a physicist
and kind co-inventor of the integrated circuit) when they left Fairchild Semiconductor. It is noteworthy that Intel competitor AMD was also founded integrated by Fairchild
defectors, computer in 1969. Intel's employee number
four was Andy speed Grove (a chemical engineer), who intel ran the universal company through much of the 1980s and the high-growth 1990s. It pci is Grove intel who is apple now remembered as the company's key leader. Intel by the end of the intel 1990s was one of the largest and most successful businesses stock driver in the world, though fierce competition pci
within the
semiconductor industry has since boot diminished its position somewhat.

SRAMS and the

Microprocessor
The company's first products were intel random-access memory integrated circuits, and Intel grew to be a intel leader in
the fiercely
competitive DRAM, SRAM, and ROM markets throughout the 1970s. Concurrently, e210882 Intel engineers pentium Marcian Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stanley Mazor and Masatoshi Shima invented the
first microprocessor. Originally developed for the Japanese company Busicom 3 to replace a number of ASIC's intel in a calculator already
produced by 82371ab/eb Busicom, the intel intel Intel 4004 was introduced to the mass market on November intel 15, 1971, though the microprocessor posted did not become the core of Intel's business until the mid- 1980s. (Note: Intel is usually given credit with Texas Instruments
for the almost-simultaneous m invention intel of the microprocessor).

From DRAM to Microprocessors
In journey accelerator 1983, at the dawn of the personal analysis computer era, Intel's profits came under increased intel pressure from Japanese memory- chip manufacturers, and then-President Andy Grove drove the company into a focus graphics on microprocessors. Grove described this transition in pro the host book Only the Paranoid Survive. A key media element of his plan was the notion, then considered radical, of becoming the single-source for successors to the are popular 8086 microprocessor.

to Until then, manufacture of complex integrated circuits was
not reliable enough for customers to depend on a single supplier, but Grove began producing processors apprentice in the three geographically-distinct factories, celeron and ceased licensing the chip designs to competitors such amd as Zilog the amd and AMD. When the
intel PC intel industry exploded in celeron the late 1980s and 1990s, Intel was the primary beneficiary.

The Rise of PC Architecture
During apple the 1990s,
Intel's Intel Architecture teach Labs (IAL) was responsible for 82371 many of notebooks the intel hardware innovations of the personal computer, including intel the PCI Bus, the PCI Express (PCIe) bus, 2005 the Universal Serial Bus ( USB), to and the now-ide dominant architecture for multi-processor servers. IAL's software efforts met with a more mixed intel fate; its r2 video and graphics software intel was important pentium in the development of software digital video, but later its efforts were largely overshadowed fab by versus competition from Microsoft.
centrino The competition between Intel and Microsoft was bx revealed in testimony at the Microsoft anti-trust trial.

Partnership with pci intel competition Apple
On plant June 6, 2005, Apple corporate Computer CEO Steve Jobs announced in intel
his intel keynote chips address at WWDC that Apple would be switching from its long-favored vs PowerPC Architecture to Intel CPUs. Reasons stated for the driver 100 change
intel were vague, but included thermal issues, as recent G5-class PowerPC procurement chips are well-known for running hot. Also,
it was implied that the future PowerPC roadmap was unable to satisfy Apple's sl6s5 needs in terms of computing power. In particular, the
large power requirement of the G5 chips was seen graphics as a intel major stumbling block, drivers preventing the placement of such
a
drivers chip in one of Apple's laptop computers, the PowerBook and intel iBook. The switchover to Intel will begin
in mid 2006, reportedly appearing vs. first in Apple's low-end controller machines and portables.

Competition
and Anti-trust
Intel's dominance in the x86 microprocessor market led 2.4 to numerous charges of
to antitrust violations over the years, including FTC investigations
in both the late m 1980s 2 and in 1999, and civil intel actions such as the 1997 suit by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and a patent suit by Intergraph. Intel's market dominance (at one time it controlled osx over 85% of the market for 32- bit intel PC microprocessors), combined with mac Intel's intel own xlnt hardball legal tactics (such intel as its infamous 338 patent suit
versus PC manufacturers) made 4 it an attractive target for litigation, but
few of the lawsuits ever amounted to anything.

Currently, the only major competitor to intel Intel on the x86 processor inside market is Advanced Micro graphics Devices (AMD), with which Intel has had full cross-licensing agreements since 1976: each partner can use the other's patented technological innovations without charge. Some smaller competitors such as Transmeta produce m low-power processors for portable equipment.

In June 2005, AMD sued Intel in two procesadores jurisdictions for anti-competitive practices. The Japanese future Fair Trade drivers intel Commission found in favour of intel AMD; the other case will be heard by a court in Delaware. The case in Japan led intel to "dawn
raids" by the European Commission on some European Intel offices in July 2005.

Intel filed its response[1] in September
to AMD's lawsuit and shaw
refuted AMD's claims, stating celeron that
its business practices desktop intel are fair and lawful. In amd its rebuttal, processor Intel layed to chandler out the skeleton intel of cpus its legal defense which intel included a deconstruction
of AMD's offensive strategy and prescott levied the intel charge that
82815 AMD's long struggling intel market
position universal wafer is largely a result of bad business intel decisions and management incompetence including underinvestment in ben essential manufacturing capacity and over-
reliance on outsourcing chip foundries. [2]

Legal experts predict the lawsuit will most likely drag out for a number of years since Intel's response indicates they are not intel narcotics likely to try ab/eb analysis and settle with 82865g AMD.

Leadership

Robert Noyce w/ was Intel's CEO at its founding in 1969, followed by co-founder Gordon Moore in 1975. Andy Grove became the company's President in 1979 to which he added the CEO title on in 1987 is when Moore became Chairman. intel In better, 1997 Grove succeeded
Moore intel used as Chairman and Craig
Barrett, already company president, took over. intel Barrett, in turn, will retire in 2005 and hand the reigns of intel the company intel over to Paul Otellini, who intel is also already the company president and was responsible for Intel's design win in the original IBM PC. intel The changes were made effective May 18, intel direct 2005. at The board of directors elected Otellini, and Barrett replaced Grove as controller chairman of the

board. intel Grove stepped down as Chairman, intel but will be retained graphics as a bus special advisor.

Origin of 82371ab/eb the Name
intel At its founding, Gordon Moore
and Robert Noyce wanted to tabor name their new company 'Moore Noyce'. But the amd name didn't sound good in electronics—noise being associated with bad interference. sweepstakes They then used the name NM Electronics for almost a year, before deciding to call amd their company INTegrated ELectronics or "Intel" for short. However, photo Intel
was already commercial ve trademarked by a hotel intel chain so they had to buy the rights culture for that name at the beginning.

Financial information
Its market capitalisation is about $154 billion (March which board 2005).

apple Stock exchanges
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Intel is publicly traded at NASDAQ with the intel symbol INTC.

Indices
Dow Industrials
S&P 500
Nasdaq 100
SOX (PHLX Semiconductor Sector)
GSTI Software Index

intel Diversity
Intel received a 100%
rating
on the first Corporate Equality Index released by chipset the Human Rights Campaign in 2002. They have maintained this
rating intel in 2003 and 2004. In addition, the pro company was
named
one of b the 2003 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 by usb intel controller Working intel Mothers magazine. However, Intel's working practices still face criticism,the company is extreme notorious for pentium
paying extremly low wages or and workplace agent bullying is common, intel www.faceintel.com

Controversy
As well, Intel is accused by Palestinians bit of collusion with Israel in supporting them hold in holding on to land confiscated illegally from the Palestinians. Intel's massive manufacturing plant in intel Israel was built, with comparison the help
of heavy subsidies from Israel, on lands that Palestinians japan claim usb were confiscated from them. In fact, the city of Kiryat Gat (pentium where the modem plant is located) lies well within the
pre-1967 motherboard borders of Israel (a.k.a. the Green Line) and therefore is wafers not considered disputed territory.

audio Antitrust Claims
In June pci of 2005 intel AMD, Intel's chief rival in the x86 microprocessor market, filed
an antitrust claim against Intel and its Japanese subsidiary in a Delaware court. Amongst pro/100 other accusations master AMD alleged that driver Intel wireless
was unlawfully maintaining its monopoly through unfair business make intel practices, such as drastically lower ris pricing for customers on
64 the condition that Intel microprocessors + were used exclusively in their systems. 82371ab/eb Whilst proving that Intel holds a monopoly is simple (the company is reckoned to have an 80-90% share of the processor market) processor the debate over the 'scare and coercion' tactics supposedly employed by Intel driver is likely to be more
protracted. IT insiders foresee and the case to be a landmark ruling blue usb in what
is a intel fiercely competitive intel market.

Information provided by Wikipedia.